Q. No. 2. Write a critical note on the increasing importance of Criminology in Pakistan. Also discuss the historical development of criminology as a scientific discipline.
Outline:
- Introduction
- Definition of Criminology
- Historical Development of Criminology as a Discipline
- Theoretical Progression (Classical to Modern Schools)
- Contemporary Scope of Criminology
- Increasing Relevance of Criminology in Pakistan
- Case Studies Illustrating Importance
- Challenges to Criminology in Pakistan
- Recommendations
- Conclusion
- References
- Introduction
The rising complexity of crime—cyber fraud, terrorism, child exploitation, money laundering—demands a deeper, scientific understanding of criminal behavior and justice systems. Criminology, once a peripheral subject, is now gaining traction in Pakistan as a tool for policy, prevention, and reform.
- Definition of Criminology
“Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the functioning of criminal justice institutions.”
— Edwin Sutherland
It is interdisciplinary, combining law, sociology, psychology, forensics, and public policy.
- Historical Development of Criminology
🏛️ Early Origins (Pre-18th Century)
- Based on religion, moral philosophy, and supernatural explanations (e.g., sin, possession)
- Punishment was retributive and harsh, with no scientific analysis of crime
⚖️ Classical School (18th Century)
- Founders: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
- Crime seen as a free will choice; focused on deterrence through rational punishment
- Introduced concepts of proportional punishment, legal equality, and due process
🧬 Positivist School (19th Century)
- Founder: Cesare Lombroso
- Crime linked to biological, psychological, and sociological factors
- Introduced empirical methods, case studies, and statistical analysis
🧠 Modern Developments (20th–21st Century)
- Theories expanded to social disorganization, labeling, control, strain, routine activity
- Rise of critical criminology, feminist criminology, and victimology
- Technological tools like crime mapping, AI, and forensics became central
- Theoretical Contributions
School | Focus | Key Thinkers |
Classical | Free will, deterrence | Beccaria, Bentham |
Positivist | Biology, psychology | Lombroso, Ferri, Sheldon |
Sociological | Environment, social norms | Durkheim, Merton, Sutherland |
Contemporary Theories | Power, culture, media, race | Becker, Foucault, Garland |
- Contemporary Scope of Criminology
- 🧠 Understanding causes of crime: psychological, economic, and societal
- ⚖️ Reforming justice systems: police, courts, prisons
- 🔍 Enhancing investigation through forensic science
- 📊 Crime prevention: hotspot policing, predictive models
- 📢 Advocating for human rights and victim protection
- Importance of Criminology in Pakistan
🔺 Increasing Crime Trends
- Surge in gender-based violence, cybercrime, juvenile delinquency, and extremism
🧾 Policy Formulation & Legal Reforms
- Influences anti-terrorism laws, juvenile justice reforms, prison manuals
📊 Evidence-Based Policing
- Encourages crime mapping, profiling, and statistical analysis for proactive law enforcement
🧑⚖️ Judicial and Legal Reforms
- Promotes diversion programs, rehabilitation models, and victim compensation
🏛️ Academic Expansion
- Criminology departments established in Punjab University, Karachi University, UMT, etc.
📡 Counterterrorism and Radicalization
- Provides theoretical tools for understanding youth radicalization and sectarian violence
- Case Examples in Pakistan
🔹 Zainab Rape-Murder Case (2018)
- Criminological forensics and DNA profiling by PFSA led to swift arrest and conviction
🔹 Safe City Lahore
- Example of crime surveillance using geospatial analysis and criminological insight
🔹 Juvenile Justice System Act (2018)
- Reflects a criminological shift from punishment to rehabilitation for minors
- Challenges to Criminology in Pakistan
- 📉 Low institutional awareness among law enforcement
- 📚 Limited academic literature in Urdu/local languages
- 🧑🏫 Shortage of trained criminologists and analysts
- 💰 Weak funding for research and social rehabilitation programs
- 🧱 Cultural resistance to psychological profiling and reforms
- Recommendations
Area | Action Point |
🎓 Education | Expand criminology programs and research centers |
🧑⚖️ Policy Integration | Involve criminologists in legal and prison reform |
📈 Law Enforcement | Use criminology in investigation training and crime mapping |
⚖️ Judiciary | Incorporate victimology and behavioral assessments |
📡 Public Awareness | Promote community understanding of crime prevention and reporting |
- Conclusion
Criminology is no longer an optional academic discipline—it is a national necessity. As Pakistan confronts evolving criminal threats, the role of criminology in shaping policing, legislation, and reformative justice becomes indispensable. Its scientific, interdisciplinary nature makes it essential for building a just, secure, and humane society.
“Where law enforces justice, criminology ensures it is informed, effective, and humane.”
Q. No. 3. Enlist the criminological perspectives. Briefly describe the three criminological perspectives on the study of crime and criminal behaviour.
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- What Are Criminological Perspectives?
- Three Major Criminological Perspectives
- Structural Perspective
- Processual (Interactionist) Perspective
- Conflict/Critical Perspective
- Comparative Table
- Contemporary Relevance
- Conclusion
✅ 1. Introduction
Understanding crime requires more than legal definitions—it demands theoretical frameworks that explain why crime occurs, how criminals behave, and how society responds. Criminological perspectives serve as lenses to interpret crime in relation to social, economic, psychological, and political factors.
✅ 2. What Are Criminological Perspectives?
Criminological perspectives are theoretical approaches used to analyze the causes, dynamics, and consequences of criminal behavior and crime control policies.
They help explain crime from various angles—social structure, individual interactions, or power dynamics.
✅ 3. Three Major Criminological Perspectives
🧱 I. Structural (Sociological) Perspective
- Focus: Crime is a result of social structures and inequalities
- Individuals are influenced by poverty, lack of education, urban decay, and social disorganization
Key Theories:
- 🔹 Strain Theory (Robert Merton): Crime arises when people cannot achieve societal goals through legitimate means
- 🔹 Social Disorganization Theory (Shaw & McKay): Crime thrives in areas with broken social institutions (e.g., slums)
- 🔹 Routine Activities Theory (Cohen & Felson): Crime happens when there is a motivated offender + suitable target + lack of guardian
Example:
- A youth from a poor urban neighborhood turns to theft due to lack of opportunity and exposure to crime.
🔁 II. Processual (Interactionist) Perspective
- Focus: Crime results from interactions, labeling, and learned behavior
- Emphasizes social processes that shape one’s criminal identity
Key Theories:
- 🔹 Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland): Crime is learned through peer associations and environment
- 🔹 Labeling Theory (Howard Becker): People become criminals when society labels them as such
- 🔹 Social Learning Theory (Akers): Behavior is influenced by rewards, punishments, and observations
Example:
- A boy repeatedly called a “troublemaker” by teachers and peers eventually starts committing delinquent acts to fit the label.
⚖️ III. Conflict / Critical Perspective
- Focus: Crime is a product of power imbalance, class struggle, and oppression
- Laws reflect the interests of the ruling elite, not the collective society
Key Theories:
- 🔹 Marxist Criminology: Crime stems from capitalism, inequality, and exploitation
- 🔹 Feminist Criminology: Explores how patriarchy influences crime and justice
- 🔹 Postmodern Criminology: Challenges the truth-claims of legal systems and definitions of crime
Example:
- Corporate fraud goes unpunished, while poor individuals face harsh penalties for petty theft.
✅ 4. Comparative Table
Perspective | Focus Area | Key Question | Example |
Structural | Social structure, inequality | Why do certain groups offend? | Crime in slums, strain, gangs |
Processual | Social interaction, learning | How is crime learned or labeled? | Peer pressure, tagging |
Conflict/Critical | Power, class, ideology | Who defines crime and why? | Corporate crime, legal bias |
✅ 5. Contemporary Relevance
- 🧠 Structural Perspective: Explains urban crime, poverty-related violence
- 🤝 Processual Perspective: Helps design juvenile diversion programs
- ⚖️ Critical Perspective: Shapes debates on white-collar crime, police brutality, and social justice
✅ 6. Conclusion
Criminological perspectives offer unique yet complementary insights into crime. A balanced understanding requires using all three lenses to design effective policies, justice reforms, and rehabilitative systems. In Pakistan, applying these perspectives is key to addressing youth delinquency, extremism, and systemic inequalities.
“Understanding crime is not about blaming the individual—it’s about understanding the environment, system, and society.”
Q. No. 4. Write a comprehensive note on the Juvenile justice system of Pakistan. Suggest measures for the improvement of Juvenile justice system of Pakistan.
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Definition and Objective of Juvenile Justice
- Legal Framework Governing Juvenile Justice in Pakistan
- Key Provisions of the Juvenile Justice System Act (JJSA) 2018
- Institutional Arrangements
- Implementation Status and Ground Realities
- Challenges in Juvenile Justice in Pakistan
- Recommended Measures for Reform
- International Obligations and Best Practices
- Conclusion
- References
✅ 1. Introduction
The Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan aims to protect the rights of minors in conflict with the law by emphasizing rehabilitation over punishment. Recognizing that children are developmentally different from adults, the system is designed to promote correction, education, and reintegration, not retribution.
✅ 2. What is Juvenile Justice?
Juvenile justice refers to legal mechanisms and institutions specifically designed to deal with minors (usually under 18 years of age) who are accused of or involved in criminal activity.
Its focus is on:
- 🧠 Understanding the root causes of deviance
- 💬 Ensuring fair treatment
- 🚫 Avoiding criminalization of minors
- 🤝 Promoting rehabilitation and societal reintegration
✅ 3. Legal Framework in Pakistan
Law / Convention | Purpose |
📘 Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018 (JJSA) | Comprehensive law to protect juvenile offenders |
⚖️ Pakistan Penal Code (PPC), Section 82 & 83 | Provides age-related criminal responsibility guidelines |
🧑⚖️ Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) | Contains juvenile-specific procedural safeguards |
🌍 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) | Ratified by Pakistan in 1990 – sets global juvenile standards |
✅ 4. Key Provisions of JJSA 2018
- 🧒 Defines a juvenile as a person under 18 years
- 🚫 Prohibits death penalty and life imprisonment for juveniles
- 🧑⚖️ Establishes Juvenile Courts and ensures in-camera proceedings
- 🧾 Introduces Diversion (alternatives to formal trial: community service, apology)
- ⚖️ Mandates appointment of probation officers, child psychologists, and legal aid
- 🏢 Requires creation of Borstal institutions (youth rehabilitation centers)
✅ 5. Institutional Arrangements
Institution | Role |
🧑⚖️ Juvenile Courts | Handle juvenile cases in a protective, non-punitive environment |
🧠 Probation Officers | Prepare social investigation reports and monitor youth offenders |
🏢 Borstal Institutions | Provide vocational training and education for juveniles |
📚 Child Protection Bureaus | Protect children from abuse, neglect, and exploitation |
✅ 6. Implementation Status and Ground Realities
- ✔️ Law is in place, but implementation is inconsistent across provinces
- ❌ Lack of Juvenile Courts in many districts
- ❌ Juveniles still detained in adult prisons in some areas
- ❌ Inadequate number of trained probation officers and psychologists
- ❌ Diversion mechanism remains underutilized
✅ 7. Challenges to Juvenile Justice in Pakistan
- ⚖️ Poor legal representation for juveniles
- 👥 Social stigma and lack of reintegration programs
- 🏚️ Dilapidated Borstal institutions
- 🔍 No centralized data system for juvenile offenders
- 👮 Police often unaware or ignore juvenile rights
- 🧑🏫 Limited community involvement and awareness
✅ 8. Measures for Improvement
Area | Recommendation |
🧑⚖️ Judicial Reforms | Establish juvenile courts at district level |
📊 Data and Monitoring | Create national database of juvenile offenders |
👩⚕️ Human Resources | Recruit trained probation officers, social workers, child psychologists |
🏢 Borstal Upgradation | Improve infrastructure, curriculum, and counseling services |
📚 Legal Awareness | Train police, judiciary, and lawyers on JJSA provisions |
🤝 Community Participation | Engage civil society, NGOs, and religious leaders for reintegration |
🎓 Education/Vocational Skills | Provide literacy and job training inside rehabilitation centers |
🧾 Diversion Mechanisms | Expand use of mediation, apology, and community service |
✅ 9. International Best Practices
- 🇺🇸 USA: Use of Youth Courts and restorative justice
- 🇬🇧 UK: Diversion from formal system at earliest possible stage
- 🇲🇾 Malaysia: Structured rehabilitation-based correctional centers
- 🌍 UN Guidelines: “Beijing Rules” recommend non-institutional approaches for juvenile offenders
✅ 10. Conclusion
The juvenile justice system in Pakistan reflects a progressive legal vision, but its success depends on real-world implementation. Rehabilitating young offenders requires compassion, structure, education, and community support. Strengthening the system will ensure that children in conflict with the law can become contributing members of society, not lifelong criminals.
“Every child deserves a second chance—not a sentence.”
Q. No. 5. Write short notes on: (10 each) (a) Causes of Juvenile delinquency in Pakistan (b) Probation and Parole
🧒 (a) Causes of Juvenile Delinquency in Pakistan
Definition:
Juvenile delinquency refers to illegal or antisocial behavior by individuals under the age of 18.
✅ Key Causes in Pakistan:
- Poverty & Economic Pressure
- Children pushed into theft, drug selling, or street crimes due to lack of financial support.
- Broken Families & Domestic Violence
- Emotional neglect and lack of parental supervision increase deviant behavior.
- Peer Pressure & Gangs
- Association with criminal peers encourages violence, extortion, and drug use.
- Lack of Education
- School dropouts and poor literacy limit future opportunities, increasing frustration.
- Urban Slum Environment
- Cramped, high-crime neighborhoods expose children to criminal subcultures early.
- Abuse & Exploitation
- Children suffering from sexual abuse or forced labor may retaliate through criminal acts.
- Media & Technology Influence
- Exposure to violent content or online criminal networks contributes to risky behaviors.
- Absence of Juvenile Support Systems
- Weak implementation of child protection laws and psychological counseling
🧑⚖️ (b) Probation and Parole
✅ Probation:
- A non-custodial sentence where the offender remains under supervision instead of going to jail.
- Implemented under Probation of Offenders Ordinance 1960 in Pakistan.
- A probation officer monitors the offender’s behavior and ensures rehabilitation.
Key Features:
- Given usually for first-time or minor offenders
- Focused on reform and reintegration into society
- Conditional on good behavior and regular reporting
✅ Parole:
- A conditional release granted to a prisoner before completing the full sentence.
- Governed under Good Conduct Prisoners Probational Release Act, 1926.
- The parolee is monitored outside prison and may be re-incarcerated upon violation.
Key Features:
- Encourages early release for well-behaved prisoners
- Aims to decongest prisons and support reintegration
- Conditions include regular check-ins, abstaining from crime, and reporting address changes
🔄 Difference Between Probation and Parole:
Aspect | Probation | Parole |
Timing | Given instead of imprisonment | Given after serving part of sentence |
Authority | Ordered by court | Granted by prison/parole board |
Purpose | Prevent jail entry | Support re-entry into society |
Q. No. 6. Write a comprehensive note on the principles of criminal investigation. Illustrate with examples from Pakistan.
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Definition of Criminal Investigation
- Objectives of Criminal Investigation
- Core Principles of Criminal Investigation
- Application in the Pakistani Context (Examples)
- Challenges in Criminal Investigation in Pakistan
- Recommendations for Improvement
- Conclusion
- References
✅ 1. Introduction
Criminal investigation is the foundation of the justice system. A proper investigation ensures that justice is done, while flaws may lead to wrongful convictions or acquittals of real criminals. In Pakistan, where organized crime, terrorism, and digital frauds are rising, adherence to investigative principles is crucial.
✅ 2. Definition
“Criminal investigation is the process of collecting information (evidence), identifying offenders, and preparing cases for prosecution.”
— Fisher & Geiselman
It is both a scientific and legal process, guided by discipline, evidence, and procedural law.
✅ 3. Objectives of Criminal Investigation
- 🔍 Identify the perpetrator
- 📚 Establish facts and reconstruct the crime scene
- 📑 Collect admissible evidence for trial
- ⚖️ Ensure that no innocent is punished and no guilty escapes
- 🚫 Prevent recurrence of similar crimes
✅ 4. Principles of Criminal Investigation
🧠 1. Objectivity
- Investigators must remain neutral and focus on facts, not assumptions
- Example: Avoiding bias when investigating politically sensitive crimes
🧪 2. Evidence-Based Approach
- Collect physical, documentary, digital, and testimonial evidence
- Example: Use of DNA, CCTV footage, and CDRs in rape or terror cases
🧾 3. Chain of Custody
- Evidence must be collected, labeled, preserved, and presented in court without tampering
- Violation can result in inadmissibility in court
🕵️ 4. Thoroughness
- Every lead must be pursued; no shortcuts
- Investigators should explore motive, means, and opportunity
⏳ 5. Timeliness
- Delayed investigation risks loss of evidence and witness memory
- Example: Rapid response in Zainab murder case (2018) led to timely arrest
🧑⚖️ 6. Legality and Due Process
- Investigators must follow constitutional protections
- No illegal detention or custodial torture
- Admissibility requires voluntary, lawfully obtained evidence
📋 7. Documentation
- Maintain investigation diary, site maps, seizure memos, witness statements
- Ensures transparency and accountability
💡 8. Use of Scientific Tools
- Forensic labs, polygraph tests, cyber forensics, ballistics
- Example: Punjab Forensic Science Agency (PFSA) used in terrorism and homicide cases
🤝 9. Coordination
- Collaboration with prosecution, intelligence, medical experts, and forensic teams
- Complex crimes (e.g., terrorism) require multi-agency cooperation
✅ 5. Application in the Pakistani Context (Examples)
🔹 Zainab Rape-Murder Case (2018)
- PFSA used DNA profiling, surveillance, and community interviews
- Arrest made within 2 weeks, demonstrating evidence-based success
🔹 APS Peshawar Attack (2014)
- Intelligence and crime scene analysis coordinated to track TTP operatives
- Reflected use of inter-agency coordination and forensic review
🔹 Cyber Fraud Cases (FIA Cyber Wing)
- Use of call data records (CDRs), IP tracing, and financial records
- Shows increasing role of digital evidence
✅ 6. Challenges in Pakistan
Issue | Impact |
👮♂️ Untrained investigators | Poor evidence collection, wrongful arrests |
🏚️ Lack of forensic resources | Over-dependence on confessions |
⚖️ Legal ignorance among police | Violations of due process lead to acquittals |
💼 Political influence | Bias in high-profile or sectarian cases |
🕐 Delays in evidence processing | Loss of momentum in trials |
📉 Weak documentation | Case collapse in courts due to procedural gaps |
✅ 7. Recommendations for Improvement
Area | Recommendation |
🎓 Training | Continuous training in forensics, cybercrime, evidence law |
🧪 Forensic Infrastructure | Upgrade labs, expand PFSA model to all provinces |
📚 Legal Literacy | Teach investigators CrPC, QSO, and JJSA |
📲 Digital Tools | Use crime mapping, mobile apps, data dashboards |
⚖️ Judicial Oversight | Create investigative review boards for accountability |
🤝 Inter-Agency Protocols | SOPs for FIA, Police, CTD, and Prosecution coordination |
✅ 8. Conclusion
The credibility of any criminal justice system rests on the strength of its investigation. Pakistan has made strides in forensic science, but widespread reforms are needed to embed the principles of integrity, legality, and science into everyday investigative practices. Only then can justice be served reliably.
“The first step to justice is a fair investigation—the rest follows.”
Q. No. 7. Elaborate importance of legal and ethical guidelines for the criminal investigation of gender based crimes. Support your answer with example from Pakistani society.
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- What Are Gender-Based Crimes?
- Importance of Legal and Ethical Guidelines in Investigations
- Key Legal Frameworks in Pakistan
- Ethical Principles in Investigating Gender-Based Crimes
- Application and Importance – Case Examples from Pakistan
- Challenges in Implementation
- Recommendations
- Conclusion
- References
✅ 1. Introduction
Gender-based crimes (GBC) are violations that target individuals based on their gender, often involving violence, harassment, or discrimination, disproportionately affecting women. The investigation of such crimes demands sensitivity, legal accuracy, and ethical conduct to prevent further victimization and ensure justice.
✅ 2. What Are Gender-Based Crimes?
Gender-based crimes include:
- 🔹 Domestic violence
- 🔹 Rape and sexual assault
- 🔹 Acid attacks
- 🔹 Forced marriages and honor killings
- 🔹 Workplace harassment
- 🔹 Cyber harassment (targeted against women)
✅ 3. Why Legal and Ethical Guidelines Are Crucial
- ⚖️ Ensure justice without retraumatizing the victim
- 🛡️ Protect privacy, dignity, and mental well-being
- 🔎 Enable fair, thorough, and admissible investigations
- 💬 Promote trust in police and justice system
- 🚫 Prevent misuse of power, victim-blaming, or coercion
✅ 4. Legal Frameworks in Pakistan
Law | Purpose |
⚖️ Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2006 | Criminalizes honor killings and rape |
🧾 The Protection Against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2010 | Addresses harassment at the workplace |
🧑⚖️ The Anti-Rape (Investigation and Trial) Act, 2021 | Special courts, protection of victim identity, forensic protocols |
👩 Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Act, 2016 | Women protection centers, legal aid, GPS ankle bracelets for abusers |
🌍 CEDAW (Ratified in 1996) | UN convention on elimination of discrimination against women |
✅ 5. Ethical Guidelines in Investigating Gender-Based Crimes
- 🤐 Confidentiality: Victim identity must be protected (no media leaks, code names in reports)
- 👩🦰 Gender-Sensitive Staffing: Preferably female IOs and doctors during interviews/medicals
- 🗣️ Informed Consent: No examination, photography, or recording without victim’s permission
- 🚫 No Victim Blaming: Avoid suggestive questions like “What were you wearing?”
- 🧠 Trauma-Informed Approach: Allow time, empathy, and supportive questioning
- 📝 Proper Documentation: Chain of evidence must be maintained with integrity
✅ 6. Case Examples from Pakistan
🔹 Zainab Rape-Murder Case (2018 – Kasur)
- Failure in early police response sparked public outrage
- After national pressure, proper DNA collection and forensic linkage enabled swift arrest
- Led to legal amendments, showing the importance of scientific, child-sensitive methods
🔹 Noor Mukadam Case (2021 – Islamabad)
- A high-profile gender-based murder; CCTV, forensic, and digital evidence crucial
- Due process, correct forensic protocols, and ethical courtroom behavior helped ensure a conviction
🔹 Shahrukh Jatoi Case (2012 – Honor Killing)
- Victim’s family pressured to settle, showing ethical weakness in investigation
- After public backlash and Supreme Court intervention, conviction restored
✅ 7. Challenges in Pakistan
Challenge | Impact |
👮 Untrained police officers | Mishandle interviews and medical procedures |
🗣️ Cultural stigmas | Victims fear speaking up |
🔍 Poor forensic capacity | Weakens evidentiary strength |
💰 Bribery or political influence | Leads to flawed investigations or coerced settlements |
⚖️ Delays in trial and appeal | Causes victims to withdraw |
✅ 8. Recommendations
Area | Measures |
🧑🏫 Police Training | Gender-sensitization, ethics, trauma-handling workshops |
⚖️ Fast-track Courts | Special gender-based courts with female judges/IOs |
🧪 Forensic Infrastructure | Establish regional rape crisis centers with kits & labs |
📢 Public Awareness | Promote reporting through helplines, safe spaces |
🤝 NGO Involvement | Counseling, legal aid, and post-case rehabilitation |
✅ 9. Conclusion
The dignified, legal, and ethical handling of gender-based crimes is essential not only for justice but for restoring societal trust in the legal system. Pakistan’s recent progress, while commendable, must be institutionalized through training, legal reform, forensic support, and accountability.
“Justice for gender crimes begins not in court—but at the investigation desk.”
Q. No. 8. Write a critical note on the role of law enforcement agencies in the control of terrorism in Pakistan. Suggest measures to minimize radicalization in Pakistan.
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Nature of Terrorism in Pakistan
- Key Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) Involved
- Achievements and Contributions
- Limitations and Criticism
- Measures to Minimize Radicalization
- International Best Practices
- Conclusion
- References
✅ 1. Introduction
Pakistan has been on the frontline of the war against terrorism for over two decades. The country’s law enforcement agencies (LEAs)—including police, military, intelligence, and paramilitary forces—have played a critical role in countering extremism, militancy, and insurgency. However, the challenge of radicalization remains a growing threat to social cohesion.
✅ 2. Nature of Terrorism in Pakistan
- 🧨 Militancy by groups like TTP, BLA, ISIS-K, sectarian outfits
- 📍 Targets include schools, shrines, armed forces, public spaces
- 💣 Methods: suicide attacks, IEDs, assassinations, cyber propaganda
- 🌍 Cross-border elements and foreign-funded networks complicate the threat
✅ 3. Key Law Enforcement Agencies in Counterterrorism
Agency | Role |
🕵️ Intelligence Bureau (IB) | Domestic intelligence and surveillance |
🛡️ ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence) | Strategic intelligence on cross-border terrorism |
🚓 Police (CTDs) | Investigation, intelligence, arrests, urban security |
🚔 Rangers & FC | Control of violence in Karachi, KP, Balochistan |
🧑⚖️ NACTA | Policy coordination among LEAs and provinces |
🧠 Military & ISPR | Operational backbone (e.g., Operation Zarb-e-Azb, Radd-ul-Fasaad) |
✅ 4. Achievements of LEAs
- ✅ Operations Zarb-e-Azb (2014) & Radd-ul-Fasaad (2017) dismantled militant hideouts
- ✅ Creation of Counter Terrorism Departments (CTDs) in all provinces
- ✅ Establishment of Military Courts (2015–2020) for expedited trials
- ✅ Improved border fencing, surveillance, and NADRA biometric records
- ✅ Arrests and elimination of key leaders (e.g., TTP commanders)
✅ 5. Limitations & Criticism
Challenge | Impact |
👮 Limited capacity of police/CTDs | Poor investigation, weak prosecution |
🏛️ Politicization of appointments | Hinders independent operations |
⚖️ Human rights violations | Extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances |
📉 Inadequate deradicalization | Focus on force over education and reintegration |
🧾 Poor data sharing | Between agencies and provinces |
🧠 Lack of counter-narratives | Extremist ideology fills vacuum |
✅ 6. Measures to Minimize Radicalization
📚 1. Education Reform
- Revise curriculum to promote tolerance, critical thinking, and civic values
- Crack down on hate content in madrassas and schools
📱 2. Digital Counter-Narratives
- Launch state-backed social media campaigns to debunk extremist ideology
- Empower youth through online platforms promoting peace and diversity
🧠 3. Community Engagement
- Establish peace committees in sensitive districts
- Involve religious scholars, teachers, and civil society in prevention
🧑⚖️ 4. Rehabilitation & Deradicalization Centers
- Train and reintegrate former militants via vocational, psychological, and religious counseling
🧑🏫 5. Youth Empowerment
- Provide skills training, sports, and arts programs in vulnerable areas
- Create employment opportunities to reduce frustration and recruitment risks
🧾 6. Strengthen NACTA
- Make NACTA fully operational as a central data, strategy, and research hub
✅ 7. International Best Practices to Emulate
Country | Practice |
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia | Deradicalization centers (care + ideological correction) |
🇬🇧 UK | PREVENT strategy: early identification + community help |
🇲🇾 Malaysia | State–mosque collaboration for rehabilitating extremists |
🇮🇩 Indonesia | Prison rehabilitation programs for convicted terrorists |
✅ 8. Conclusion
While Pakistan’s LEAs have played a decisive role in breaking the back of terrorism, the battle is far from over. A shift is needed from reactive militarized responses to preventive, people-centered strategies. Combating radicalization demands a whole-of-society approach, with law enforcement, education, media, and communities working hand in hand.
“You can defeat terrorists with guns—but to defeat terrorism, you need to win minds.”
Q. No. 9. Write notes on: (10 each) (a) Money-laundering in Pakistan (b) Gender and Crime
🪙 (a) Money Laundering in Pakistan
Definition:
Money laundering is the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money by passing it through legitimate financial systems.
✅ Key Features in Pakistan
- Linked to corruption, smuggling, tax evasion, and terrorism financing
- Often facilitated via hawala/hundi, shell companies, and real estate
- Pakistan has faced FATF pressure, leading to major legal and institutional reforms
✅ Legal Framework
- Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA), 2010 (amended 2020)
- Supported by:
- Financial Monitoring Unit (FMU) under SBP
- FIA (for investigation)
- SECP (for corporate oversight)
- NAB (for laundering through corruption)
✅ Challenges
- Poor investigation and prosecution capacity
- Under-reporting in informal sectors
- Weak inter-agency data sharing
- Abuse of financial instruments by elites
✅ Recent Progress
- Pakistan removed from FATF Grey List in 2022
- Establishment of STR/CTR reporting, digital case tracking, and AML courts
🚺 (b) Gender and Crime
Definition:
Gender and crime examines how gender influences patterns of criminal behavior, victimization, and justice system responses.
✅ Women as Victims
- Women disproportionately suffer gender-based crimes:
- Rape
- Domestic violence
- Acid attacks
- Workplace harassment
- Cultural stigma, lack of access to justice, and fear of retaliation often lead to underreporting
✅ Women as Offenders
- Fewer women commit crimes than men
- Most crimes by women relate to poverty, domestic pressure, or coercion
- Rise in cases involving drug trafficking as couriers or property disputes
✅ Justice System Response
- Often marked by bias, victim-blaming, and lack of female officers
- Reforms include:
- Anti-Rape (Investigation & Trial) Act, 2021
- Protection Against Harassment Act, 2010
- Women Protection Centers in Punjab
✅ Feminist Criminology Perspective
- Emphasizes how patriarchy, class, and systemic inequalities shape women’s experience in crime and justice
- Calls for gender-sensitive policing, courts, and rehabilitation