Q.1. Discuss the Scope of Criminology and Its Significance in Pakistani Society (20 Marks)
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Definition of Criminology
- Scope of Criminology
- Core Areas Covered by Criminology
- Significance of Criminology in Modern Societies
- Importance of Criminology in Pakistan
- Challenges to Criminological Practice in Pakistan
- Suggestions for Enhancing Its Role
- Conclusion
- References
✅ 1. Introduction
Criminology has emerged as a vital discipline in understanding, preventing, and controlling crime in society. In a developing country like Pakistan, where crime, terrorism, gender-based violence, and cybercrime are on the rise, criminology offers both insight and solutions to address these complex issues.
✅ 2. Definition of Criminology
“Criminology is the scientific study of the making of laws, the breaking of laws, and the societal reaction to the breaking of laws.”
— Edwin Sutherland
It is an interdisciplinary social science that examines criminal behavior, its causes, consequences, and the functioning of the criminal justice system.
✅ 3. Scope of Criminology
Criminology’s scope is broad and includes:
Area | Description |
🧠 Criminal Psychology | Analyzing the mental processes behind criminal behavior |
⚖️ Criminal Law & Justice | Relationship between law, punishment, and legal procedures |
👥 Victimology | Study of victims, trauma, and victim support mechanisms |
🏛️ Penology | Study of correctional systems, prison reforms, and rehabilitation |
🔬 Forensic Criminology | Use of scientific tools (DNA, fingerprints) in crime detection |
🌍 Comparative Criminology | Study of global crime patterns and justice systems |
🧾 White-Collar and Cybercrime | Analysis of modern economic and digital crimes |
✅ 4. Core Areas Covered
- Juvenile delinquency
- Gender-based violence
- Organized and street crime
- Terrorism and radicalization
- Criminal investigation techniques
- Rehabilitation and reintegration
✅ 5. General Significance of Criminology
- 📚 Provides a theoretical understanding of why people commit crimes
- ⚖️ Helps in policy formation, legislation, and legal reform
- 🧠 Aids in profiling criminals and identifying at-risk individuals
- 🤝 Promotes community policing and social reintegration
- 📊 Supports data-driven crime prevention strategies
✅ 6. Significance of Criminology in Pakistan
- 🧑⚖️ Criminal Justice Reforms
- Criminological insights help improve policing, courts, and corrections systems
- 🧒 Juvenile Justice
- Criminology underpins the Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018
- Encourages diversion, rehabilitation, and child rights
- 🚺 Gender-Based Crime Analysis
- Research informs laws on domestic violence, harassment, and rape investigations
- 🧑💻 Cybercrime Prevention
- Supports digital forensics and cybercrime policy under PECA 2016
- 🧠 Counterterrorism & Radicalization
- Helps understand root causes and designs deradicalization programs
- 🧾 White-Collar and Economic Crimes
- Informs strategies to curb corruption, tax fraud, and corporate crime
- 🏛️ Prison and Rehabilitation Systems
- Focus on prison reform, probation, and community corrections
- 🧑⚖️ Criminal Justice Reforms
✅ 7. Challenges in Pakistan
Challenge | Impact |
📚 Lack of research institutions | Limits development of evidence-based solutions |
👮 Traditional policing methods | Over-reliance on force over science |
🏫 Poor integration in education | Criminology not widely taught or promoted |
⚖️ Weak criminal data collection | Hinders policy making and crime mapping |
💰 Resource constraints | Insufficient funding for forensics, training, and rehab |
✅ 8. Suggestions for Enhancing Its Role
- 🎓 Establish criminology departments in all public universities
- 📊 Create national crime data repositories for analysis
- 🧑🏫 Train police and judicial officers in criminological methods
- 📢 Public awareness campaigns on crime prevention
- 🤝 Encourage collaboration with civil society, NGOs, and international experts
✅ 9. Conclusion
Criminology is no longer an optional discipline—it is a national necessity for countries like Pakistan. It not only enhances our understanding of crime but also offers practical tools to create safer, fairer, and more informed societies.
“Criminology transforms the way we fight crime—by understanding it first.”
Q.2. Explain R.K. Merton’s Strain Theory. Critically Elaborate Its Effects on Youth and Suggest Remedies to Overcome. (20 Marks)
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Definition and Background of Strain Theory
- Core Concepts of Merton’s Theory
- Five Modes of Individual Adaptation
- Relevance to Youth in Modern Society
- Critical Evaluation of the Theory
- Effects on Youth in Pakistan
- Remedies and Preventive Measures
- Conclusion
- References
✅ 1. Introduction
Crime and deviance often stem not only from personal choices but also from social structures and inequalities. R.K. Merton’s Strain Theory offers a structural-functional explanation of how societal pressures can lead to deviant behavior, especially among youth deprived of equal opportunities.
✅ 2. Definition and Background of Strain Theory
“Strain occurs when there is a discrepancy between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means to achieve them.”
— Robert K. Merton, 1938
Merton built on Durkheim’s concept of anomie, proposing that social structures can pressure individuals into committing crimes.
✅ 3. Core Concepts of Merton’s Theory
- Cultural Goals: Shared aspirations in society (e.g., success, wealth, status)
- Institutionalized Means: Accepted methods to achieve these goals (e.g., education, employment)
- Strain arises when individuals cannot access legitimate means to achieve these goals
✅ 4. Five Modes of Individual Adaptation
Adaptation
Description
Example
✅ Conformity
Accepts both goals and means
A student working hard to succeed
❌ Innovation
Accepts goals but uses illegitimate means
Youth committing fraud to get rich
😐 Ritualism
Abandons goals but follows means rigidly
Low-level bureaucrats doing meaningless jobs
😶 Retreatism
Rejects both goals and means
Drug addicts, vagrants
⚔️ Rebellion
Replaces both with alternative values
Extremist groups, political rebels
✅ 5. Relevance to Youth in Modern Society
- Youth are highly vulnerable to strain, especially in developing countries
- Economic disparity, unemployment, and social media-fueled aspirations heighten frustration
- The gap between expectations and reality can lead to deviance
✅ 6. Critical Evaluation of the Theory
Strengths:
- Highlights structural causes of crime (not just individual blame)
- Useful in analyzing white-collar crime, gang culture, and urban deviance
- Applicable to both capitalist and developing societies
Weaknesses:
- Ignores emotional and psychological factors
- Does not explain why some strained individuals choose non-deviance
- Overemphasizes economic success as the only cultural goal
- Gender and cultural variations are not adequately addressed
✅ 7. Effects on Youth in Pakistan
- 💸 Unemployment and inflation fuel frustration and hopelessness
- 🎓 Educated but jobless graduates feel alienated from success norms
- 💼 Corrupt systems deny equal opportunity, promoting “shortcuts”
- 🧠 Mental health issues grow from chronic economic and social strain
- 🔫 Some youth resort to:
- Street crime
- Online scams
- Joining extremist or separatist groups
- Drug abuse and withdrawal.
✅ 8. Remedies and Preventive Measures
Area | Action Points |
🎓 Education Reform | Promote vocational training, practical skills, and civic education |
💼 Youth Employment | Offer internships, entrepreneurship schemes, and microfinancing |
🧠 Counseling & Support | Establish mental health helplines and mentoring centers in schools |
⚖️ Equity in Opportunity | Implement merit-based recruitment, reduce nepotism and elite capture |
📢 Positive Role Models | Promote media narratives of integrity, hard work, and resilience |
👮 Community Policing | Engage youth in local security initiatives to build trust and responsibility |
✅ 9. Conclusion
Merton’s strain theory remains a powerful framework to understand the roots of youth deviance, particularly in societies like Pakistan. Addressing the structural inequalities and unrealistic societal expectations through education, employment, and community engagement is essential to ensure lawful and fulfilling paths for youth.
“Where the system fails to offer fair means, rebellion becomes the language of the unheard.”
Q.3. Explain Juvenile Delinquency. What Are the Socio-Economic, Demographic, and Environmental Factors That Lead to Juvenile Delinquency? (20 Marks)
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
- Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents
- Socio-Economic Factors
- Demographic Factors
- Environmental and Cultural Factors
- Juvenile Delinquency in Pakistan: Trends and Issues
- Remedies and Preventive Measures
- Conclusion
- References
✅ 1. Introduction
Juvenile delinquency refers to illegal or antisocial behavior by individuals below the age of legal adulthood. It is a growing concern globally, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, where economic hardship, family breakdown, and social inequality impact youth behavior.
✅ 2. Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
“Juvenile delinquency is the participation of a minor in illegal behavior or activities that would be considered crimes if committed by an adult.”
— United Nations Guidelines for Juvenile Justice
In Pakistan, a juvenile is defined as a person under 18 years of age under the Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018.
✅ 3. Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents
- Typically between 12–18 years
- Involved in theft, drug use, street violence, or vandalism
- Many come from low-income, broken, or abusive families
- Often suffer from school dropout, peer pressure, or lack of guidance
- 💸 Poverty
- Leads to survival crimes such as theft, pickpocketing, or drug trafficking
- Children often forced into labor or crime for family support
- 🏚️ Unemployment and Informal Economy
- Lack of skill-based employment pushes youth towards illegal income sources
- 🎓 Educational Failure
- Dropouts and underperformers often lose confidence and seek belonging in gangs
- 💼 Parental Unemployment or Criminality
- Exposure to deviant adult role models increases risk of delinquency
✅ 4. Socio-Economic Factors
- Exposure to deviant adult role models increases risk of delinquency
- 💸 Poverty
✅ 5. Demographic Factors
- 👨👩👧 Family Structure
- Broken homes, parental neglect, domestic violence contribute heavily
- Lack of parental supervision leads to higher risk behavior
- 🧒 Large Families
- Fewer resources and attention for children, especially in urban slums
- 🧑🤝🧑 Peer Pressure
- Association with delinquent peers normalizes criminal behavior
- 👦 Gender
Males are statistically more likely to engage in violent or risk-prone behavior
✅ 6. Environmental and Cultural Factors
- 🏘️ Urban Slums and Crime-Ridden Neighborhoods
- Youth exposed to violence, drug markets, and gangs from an early age
- 🧱 Lack of Recreational Facilities
- Youth without outlets for energy are more likely to be involved in negative activities
- 📺 Media Influence
- Glorification of crime or gang culture in movies, games, and social media
- ⚖️ Weak Law Enforcement and Juvenile Justice
- Delayed justice or harsh treatment without rehabilitation worsens the cycle
- 🏘️ Urban Slums and Crime-Ridden Neighborhoods
✅ 7. Juvenile Delinquency in Pakistan
- Juvenile crimes include:
- Street theft
- Mobile snatching
- Drug peddling
- Physical violence
- Lack of proper juvenile courts, rehabilitation centers, and trained probation officers
- Overcrowded jails often house juveniles with adult offenders
- Juvenile Justice System Act (JJSA) 2018 aims to protect, reform, and reintegrate
✅ 8. Remedies and Preventive Measures
Domain | Suggestions |
🏫 Education | Vocational training, literacy programs, civic education |
👨👩👧 Family Support | Parental counseling, subsidies for vulnerable families |
⚖️ Juvenile Justice | Fully implement JJSA 2018, separate courts, and detention centers |
🧠 Mental Health | Counseling in schools and rehabilitation programs |
🎯 Rehabilitation | Probation, diversion, community service for first-time offenders |
📢 Awareness | Media campaigns on youth rights, dangers of crime |
👮 Police Reform | Child-sensitive policing and child protection units |
✅ 9. Conclusion
Juvenile delinquency is not simply a legal issue—it is a social, economic, and psychological phenomenon. A society’s failure to provide supportive environments, fair opportunities, and justice systems creates young offenders. Pakistan must shift from punitive to rehabilitative and preventive frameworks.
“A delinquent child is not born a criminal—he is made by the failures of society.”
Q.4. What Difficulties Do Police Officers Encounter in Preventing Crime and Upholding Social Order and Law? (20 Marks)
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Role of Police in Crime Prevention and Social Order
- Institutional Challenges
- Legal and Procedural Barriers
- Social and Political Obstacles
- Psychological and Occupational Stress
- Case Examples from Pakistan
- Suggested Reforms
- Conclusion
✅ 1. Introduction
The police force serves as the primary line of defense in ensuring law enforcement, protecting life and property, and maintaining public peace. However, in fulfilling this crucial role, officers often face institutional, legal, political, and societal challenges that limit their effectiveness.
✅ 2. Role of Police
- 📜 Enforce laws and court orders
- 🚓 Prevent, detect, and investigate crimes
- 👮 Maintain public order during protests, religious events, or political gatherings
- 🤝 Coordinate with other law enforcement agencies and the judiciary
✅ 3. Institutional Challenges
- 🚔 Understaffed and underfunded departments
- 🔧 Outdated infrastructure, vehicles, weapons, and digital tools
- 🧑🏫 Lack of modern training in forensics, cybercrime, and human rights
- 📉 Weak internal accountability mechanisms (e.g., handling of custodial deaths)
✅ 4. Legal and Procedural Barriers
- ⚖️ Delayed judicial processes discourage proactive policing
- 🔓 Easy bail or release of habitual offenders undermines deterrence
- 📝 Flawed FIR and evidence collection processes affect prosecution
- ⏳ No integration of police-prosecution systems, leading to dropped cases
✅ 5. Social and Political Obstacles
- 🏛️ Political interference in appointments, postings, and operations
- 🤐 Public mistrust and low cooperation due to perceived police corruption
- 👥 Threats from powerful mafias, local influentials, and tribal elites
- 🧕 Inadequate female representation, making gender-sensitive policing weak
- 🪧 Public backlash during crowd control operations (e.g., protests, sectarian clashes)
✅ 6. Psychological and Occupational Stress
- 😰 Long, unpredictable hours with high workload and low compensation
- 🧠 Exposure to violence, trauma, and public hostility
- 💔 Mental health challenges often unrecognized or unsupported
✅ 7. Case Examples from Pakistan
- 🏙️ Karachi Police face gang warfare, sectarian violence, and political pressure
- 🌐 FIA Cyber Wing overwhelmed due to limited digital training and tools
- ⚖️ Delayed trials in Punjab due to lack of forensic labs and expert witnesses
- 💼 Reports of VIP protocol abuse, obstructing police duties
✅ 8. Suggested Reforms
Area | Recommendations |
🧑🏫 Training | Modern, continuous training in human rights, technology, and investigation |
⚖️ Legal Reform | Streamline investigation–prosecution coordination |
🏛️ Depoliticization | Police reforms to ensure operational autonomy |
👥 Community Engagement | Improve trust via community policing, women officers, and helplines |
📊 Data-Driven Policing | Use of crime mapping and surveillance systems (e.g., Safe City Projects) |
💰 Better Compensation | Improve salaries, housing, and healthcare for officers |
✅ 9. Conclusion
Police officers in Pakistan confront multifaceted challenges while trying to prevent crime and maintain public order. Comprehensive police reform, institutional strengthening, and improved public-police partnerships are essential for a peaceful and law-abiding society.
“A society can rise only when its police are respected not for fear, but for fairness.”
Q.5. Describe the Following Types of Legal Justice
⚖️ 1. Retributive Justice
Definition:
Retributive justice is a theory of punishment where the offender is punished in proportion to the severity of the crime committed, based on the principle of “an eye for an eye.”
Key Features:
- Focuses on punishment as moral vengeance
- Emphasizes deterrence and accountability
- The victim’s suffering is “balanced” by offender’s punishment
- Rooted in ancient and classical legal systems (e.g., Hammurabi Code, Islamic Hudood laws)
Example:
A person committing murder receives the death penalty or life imprisonment under retributive principles.
⚖️ 2. Procedural Justice
Definition:
Procedural justice refers to the fairness and transparency of the processes used to determine legal outcomes, rather than the outcome itself.
Key Features:
- Emphasizes due process, impartiality, and rule of law
- Ensures equal treatment of all citizens before law
- Includes right to a fair trial, legal counsel, and appeal
- Builds public trust in legal institutions
Example:
A suspect is given a fair trial with legal representation, even if ultimately convicted.
⚖️ 3. Distributive Justice
Definition:
Distributive justice concerns the fair allocation of resources, rights, and responsibilities among members of society.
Key Features:
- Promotes equity, equality, and need-based distribution
- Applied in taxation, welfare, affirmative action, and public goods
- Rooted in social justice and economic fairness theories
- Focuses on systemic inequality and marginalized communities
Example:
Government giving scholarships or subsidies to underprivileged groups for educational access.
⚖️ 4. Restorative Justice
Definition:
Restorative justice is a legal approach that focuses on repairing harm caused by crime through offender-victim-community dialogue.
Key Features:
- Prioritizes healing over punishment
- Encourages accountability, remorse, and forgiveness
- Involves reconciliation meetings, compensation, and apologies
- Useful in juvenile justice and minor criminal cases
Example:
A juvenile vandal participates in community service and apologizes to the affected party rather than being imprisoned.
Q.6. Discuss the Importance of the Investigation Process in the Criminal Justice System. How Can These Be Made More Effective? (20 Marks)
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Definition of Criminal Investigation
- Importance of Investigation in Criminal Justice
- Key Stages of the Investigation Process
- Current Challenges in Pakistan
- Measures to Improve Investigation Efficiency
- International Best Practices
- Conclusion
References
✅ 1. Introduction
Investigation is the foundation of justice delivery, ensuring that crimes are detected, proven, and prosecuted fairly. A well-conducted investigation ensures that the guilty are convicted and the innocent are protected, thus upholding the rule of law and public trust.
✅ 2. Definition
“Criminal investigation is a systematic process of collecting evidence to establish facts and support legal proceedings.”
— UNODC
It involves gathering, analyzing, and preserving evidence to determine the truth of a criminal event.
✅ 3. Importance in the Criminal Justice System
- 🔍 Identifies the offender and determines criminal liability
- ⚖️ Ensures fair trial by collecting lawful and admissible evidence
- ✅ Increases conviction rates through solid case-building
- 🧠 Prevents miscarriage of justice by protecting innocent suspects
- 🚨 Helps prevent future crimes by breaking criminal networks
- 📊 Builds trust in police and judiciary by ensuring due process
✅ 4. Key Stages of Investigation
Stage | Description |
🚨 First Information Report (FIR) | Registration of the case with initial details |
🔍 Crime Scene Management | Preservation and documentation of physical evidence |
🧾 Evidence Collection | Gathering physical, digital, and testimonial proof |
👥 Interviews & Interrogations | Questioning victims, witnesses, and suspects |
🧪 Forensic Analysis | Use of scientific tools (DNA, ballistics, digital forensics) |
📜 Case File Submission | Submission of findings to prosecutor for trial |
✅ 5. Challenges in the Investigation Process (Pakistan Context)
- 🧑🏫 Poor training of investigators in modern methods
- 🧪 Lack of forensic labs, tools, and digital infrastructure
- 🏛️ Political interference affects impartiality and outcomes
- ⚖️ Weak coordination between police and prosecution
- 📝 Poor documentation and weak chain of custody
- 💸 Corruption undermines credibility and legal standards
- 📉 Public mistrust leading to underreporting of crime
✅ 6. Measures to Improve Investigation Effectiveness
Area
Recommendations
🧑🏫 Capacity Building
Continuous training in cybercrime, forensics, human rights
🧪 Forensic Integration
Expand DNA labs, CCTV mapping, and mobile forensic units
⚖️ Legal Reforms
Simplify procedures for evidence admission and case processing
📝 Standardized SOPs
Use modern templates for FIRs, interviews, and evidence tracking
👥 Community Support
Encourage public cooperation via witness protection programs
📡 Technology Use
Introduce crime databases, e-FIRs, Safe City systems
🤝 Police–Prosecution Linkage
Joint case building and training to strengthen prosecution
✅ 7. International Best Practices
- 🇬🇧 UK’s PEACE Model – Ethical, structured interviews
- 🇸🇬 Singapore’s Tech-Driven Policing – Facial recognition, AI crime prediction
- 🇨🇦 Victim-Centered Approach – Trauma-informed investigations
- 🌐 INTERPOL Support – Cross-border tracking and criminal records sharing
✅ 8. Conclusion
The investigation process is the lifeblood of the criminal justice system. In Pakistan, reforms must focus on modernization, training, transparency, and inter-agency coordination. Only then can investigations ensure justice for victims, fairness for suspects, and accountability for criminals.
“Justice delayed is justice denied—but justice poorly investigated is justice destroyed.”
Q.7. Is Radicalism Present in Pakistani Society? How Does It Escalate into Terrorism? (20 Marks)
✅ Outline:
- Introduction
- Definition of Radicalism and Terrorism
- Existence of Radicalism in Pakistani Society
- Key Drivers of Radicalization
- Radicalism-to-Terrorism Escalation Process
- Case Studies from Pakistan
- Impacts on Society and State
- Preventive Measures and De-radicalization Strategies
- Conclusion
- References
✅ 1. Introduction
Radicalism and terrorism are two of the most pressing internal security threats for Pakistan. While not every radical becomes a terrorist, radical ideologies often lay the foundation for violent extremism when coupled with socio-political and economic grievances.
✅ 2. Definitions
- Radicalism:
A belief or ideology advocating drastic, fundamental change in social or political systems, often rejecting moderation or compromise. - Terrorism:
The use of violence or threat of violence to create fear for political, religious, or ideological objectives.
“Terrorism is a tactic, radicalism is the mindset that fuels it.”
✅ 3. Is Radicalism Present in Pakistan?
✔️ Yes – Radicalism exists in various forms:
- 🕌 Religious radicalism: Sectarian hatred, intolerance of minorities, jihadist narratives
- 🏛️ Political radicalism: Anti-state movements, calls for system overthrow
- 📱 Ideological radicalism: Spread through social media, YouTube clerics, and online echo chambers
- 🧑🏫 Campus radicalism: Some universities host cells with extremist leanings
✅ 4. Key Drivers of Radicalism in Pakistan
Factor | Impact |
📚 Ideological indoctrination | Use of madrassas and online content to spread extremism |
💸 Poverty & Unemployment | Economic frustrations exploited by radical recruiters |
⚖️ Injustice and State Failure | Weak rule of law, police brutality, and delayed justice fuel alienation |
👥 Sectarianism | Exploited by groups like LeJ, SSP, TTP for division and violence |
🌍 Foreign Influence | Afghan war, Kashmir issue, and global Islamist movements |
📡 Digital Radicalization | Youth exposed to propaganda, hate speech, and misinformation |
✅ 5. How Radicalism Escalates into Terrorism
- 🧠 Ideological Exposure – Youth encounter radical ideas (via religious, political, or digital sources)
- 👥 Social Isolation – Disconnect from mainstream, join radical groups
- 🧱 Grievance Reinforcement – Past trauma, police abuse, or state neglect fuels victim mindset
- 💣 Recruitment by Extremists – Networks offer identity, purpose, and financial support
- 🔫 Militancy and Violence – Individual becomes part of a terrorist cell, suicide squad, or militant group
✅ 6. Case Studies from Pakistan
- ⚔️ Lal Masjid (2007): Radical ideology turned into armed rebellion
- 💣 APS Peshawar Attack (2014): TTP justified mass murder on ideological grounds
- 📡 Online Radicalization: Youth influenced by ISIS-TTP propaganda through Telegram & WhatsApp
- 🕌 Sectarian Violence: Attacks on Shia processions, Ahmadi worship places due to hate sermons
✅ 7. Impacts of Radicalism and Terrorism
- ⚖️ Rule of Law Breakdown
- 💣 Loss of lives and security
- 🧠 Ideological polarization
- 📉 Investment, tourism, and education severely affected
- 🤝 Social cohesion undermined and minorities marginalized
✅ 8. Remedies and De-radicalization Measures
Area | Recommendations |
📚 Education Reform | Promote critical thinking, interfaith harmony, civic education |
🧑🏫 Counter-Narratives | Use clerics, media, and influencers to challenge extremist ideas |
💼 Youth Engagement | Sports, entrepreneurship, community leadership opportunities |
⚖️ Rule of Law & Justice | Transparent, timely justice to reduce resentment |
📢 Digital Monitoring | Censor hate speech, shut down radical content online |
🧠 Rehabilitation Programs | Reintegrate former extremists through psychological support |
🛡️ Strengthen NACTA/LEAs | Improve intelligence coordination, preemptive arrests, and local policing |
✅ 9. Conclusion
Radicalism in Pakistan is not just a threat to peace but a threat to the very fabric of the state. When allowed to fester, it mutates into terrorism, undermining national unity and international reputation. A multi-pronged strategy involving education, economic uplift, justice, and strategic communication is essential to reverse this tide.
“The battle against terrorism is not won with guns alone—it is won in the minds of men.”
Q.8. Write Short Notes on the Following: (10 Marks Each × 2 = 20 Marks)
- Anti-Narcotics Force (ANF)
Definition:
The Anti-Narcotics Force (ANF) is Pakistan’s premier agency tasked with combating drug trafficking, narcotics abuse, and precursor chemical control, under the Ministry of Narcotics Control.
Key Functions:
- 🚔 Enforce Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997
- 🔍 Investigate and prosecute drug traffickers, smugglers, and abusers
- 🚫 Control cultivation, production, and smuggling of drugs like heroin, cannabis, ice, etc.
- 🧪 Coordinate with forensic labs and international bodies (e.g., UNODC, INTERPOL)
Operational Structure:
- Headed by a Director General (Major General–level)
- Operates across Pakistan through Regional Directorates and mobile squads
Recent Activities:
- 🔹 Large-scale seizures at airports, land borders, and sea routes
- 🔹 Anti-drug awareness campaigns in educational institutions
- 🔹 Joint operations with Customs, FIA, and Rangers
Challenges:
- 🏞️ Difficult terrain along borders
- 🕵️♂️ Cross-border drug syndicates
- 💰 Limited manpower and equipment
Conclusion:
ANF plays a vital role in curbing drug-related crimes, protecting society, and meeting Pakistan’s international anti-narcotics obligations.
💸 2. Money Laundering
Definition:
Money laundering is the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by passing it through complex banking or commercial transactions.
“It’s the conversion of dirty money into clean money through legal disguise.” – FATF
Stages of Money Laundering:
- Placement – Introducing illicit funds into the system
- Layering – Obscuring the trail via multiple transactions
- Integration – Re-entering the ‘cleaned’ money into the economy (e.g., real estate, business)
Common Methods in Pakistan:
- 🏦 Fake bank accounts and shell companies
- 💰 Hawala/hundi transfers
- 🏘️ Real estate over-invoicing
- 🎭 Trade misinvoicing and fake imports/exports
Consequences:
- ⚠️ Undermines economic stability
- 💸 Promotes corruption and terrorism financing
- 📉 Damages financial sector credibility internationally
Legal Framework in Pakistan:
- Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2010
- Enforced by FIA, NAB, SECP, and Financial Monitoring Unit (SBP)
- Subject to FATF monitoring due to Pakistan’s past grey list status
Conclusion:
Money laundering is a national and transnational threat. Its control is vital for economic transparency, counter-terrorism, and global financial compliance.