Q. No. 2: Political stability remains an elusive concept in Pakistan. Explore the factors contributing to the fractured nature of Pakistan’s polity and discuss potential reforms to the constitutional and political structure that could foster stability.
Outline:
- Introduction
- Understanding Political Stability
- Historical Overview of Political Instability in Pakistan
- Factors Contributing to Political Instability
- a. Frequent Military Interventions and Civil-Military Imbalance
- b. Weak Democratic Institutions and Political Parties
- c. Constitutional Ambiguities and Amendments
- d. Ethnic, Sectarian, and Provincial Divisions
- e. Judicial Activism and Executive-Judiciary Tensions
- f. Role of Media and Public Misinformation
- Impacts of Political Instability
- Recent Developments (2018–2024): A Cycle of Deadlocks
- Constitutional and Political Reforms for Stability
- a. Strengthening Civilian Institutions and Democratic Continuity
- b. Electoral Reforms and Transparent Accountability
- c. Judicial Independence with Institutional Restraint
- d. Strengthening Local Governments and Provincial Autonomy
- e. National Integration Policies and Dialogue Platforms
- Conclusion
- Introduction
Political stability is essential for sustainable governance, economic progress, and social harmony. In Pakistan, however, stability remains fragile due to historical legacies, institutional imbalances, and a deeply polarized political culture. Despite over seven decades of independence, Pakistan’s polity has oscillated between democracy, military rule, and constitutional crises, hindering long-term development. This essay explores the causes of Pakistan’s fractured political framework and suggests structural reforms for establishing enduring stability.
- Understanding Political Stability
Political stability refers to the predictability, legitimacy, and durability of a country’s governance structures. It implies peaceful transitions of power, consensus on rules of engagement, and functional institutions. A politically stable state exhibits consistent policy implementation, trust in democratic processes, and institutional harmony.
- Historical Overview of Political Instability in Pakistan
Since 1947, Pakistan has experienced:
- Four military coups (1958, 1977, 1999, and indirect intervention in 2007)
- Over 35 prime ministers, most unable to complete terms
- Repeated suspensions and amendments to the constitution
- Judicial validation of military takeovers under the doctrine of necessity
- Long-standing civil-military tensions and turf wars over policy control
- Factors Contributing to Political Instability
- Frequent Military Interventions and Civil-Military Imbalance
- The military has ruled for more than 30 years and remains an influential stakeholder even during civilian rule
- Institutions like ISI and GHQ exert influence over foreign policy, national security, and internal governance
- Political governments are often undermined, dismissed, or manipulated through covert influence
- Weak Democratic Institutions and Political Parties
- Political parties function more like personality cults than ideological platforms
- Lack of intra-party elections, dynastic leadership, and absence of long-term policy vision
- Opportunistic alliances formed for short-term gains (e.g., PDM, PTI-PMLQ coalitions)
- Constitutional Ambiguities and Amendments
- Repeated amendments (esp. under military regimes) weakened constitutional consistency
- 8th Amendment (Zia) and 17th Amendment (Musharraf) centralized power in the presidency
- 18th Amendment (2010) aimed to restore parliamentary supremacy but remains contested by some quarters
- Ethnic, Sectarian, and Provincial Divisions
- Grievances in Balochistan, Sindh, and KP over resource allocation and representation
- Sectarian polarization threatens social cohesion
- Ethno-nationalist parties often prioritize regional over national interests
- Judicial Activism and Executive-Judiciary Tensions
- Cases like Panama Papers (2016) and judicial ousting of PMs highlight tensions
- Courts accused of political engineering rather than upholding impartiality
- Undermines public trust in legal institutions
- Role of Media and Public Misinformation
- Unregulated digital platforms propagate fake news and conspiracy theories
- Media trials erode judicial neutrality and preempt verdicts
- Partisan reporting deepens political polarization
- Impacts of Political Instability
Sector | Consequence |
Economy | Volatile markets, low foreign investment, inflation |
Governance | Policy inconsistency, delays in reforms |
Social | Polarization, protests, ethnic tensions |
International | Damaged credibility and diplomatic leverage |
- Recent Developments (2018–2024): A Cycle of Deadlocks
- PTI government (2018–2022) faced protests, judicial battles, and eventual ouster via vote of no confidence
- PDM regime (2022–2023) struggled with legitimacy and rising inflation
- Post-2023 elections marked by electoral disputes, accusations of rigging, and hybrid governance models
- Tensions between judiciary, ECP, and parliament continue to stall political consensus
- Constitutional and Political Reforms for Stability
- Strengthening Civilian Institutions and Democratic Continuity
- End military interference in politics through legal reforms and institutional autonomy
- Ensure full civilian control of national security and foreign policy
- Electoral Reforms and Transparent Accountability
- Independent Election Commission with financial and administrative autonomy
- Biometric verification, EVMs, and transparent funding regulations
- Fair accountability across the board—not used as a tool of persecution
- Judicial Independence with Institutional Restraint
- Reform judicial appointments through consensus mechanisms (e.g., Judicial Commission reforms)
- Enforce clear separation of powers
- Prevent judicial overreach into executive affairs
- Strengthening Local Governments and Provincial Autonomy
- Implement Article 140A in letter and spirit for empowered local bodies
- Devolve power in education, health, and municipal governance
- Equitable resource distribution under NFC Award
- National Integration Policies and Dialogue Platforms
- Foster ethnic harmony through cultural exchange programs and language inclusion
- Establish National Dialogue Forums for political consensus
- Address provincial grievances with fiscal justice and development initiatives
- Conclusion
Political stability in Pakistan remains elusive due to structural distortions, historical power imbalances, and lack of democratic maturity. The road to stability lies not merely in procedural democracy, but in a genuine institutional balance, inclusive federalism, and consistent adherence to constitutionalism. Without this, Pakistan will continue to face cycles of crisis, confrontation, and compromise. The need of the hour is a national consensus to prioritize stability, reform, and rule of law above narrow political gains.
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Q. No. 3: Keeping in view the socio-politico circumstances of the sub-continent, discuss the role of Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi (Mujaddid Alf Thani) who revived Islamic ideology and established Muslim identity in the sub-continent.
Outline:
- Introduction
- Historical Context: Religious Landscape of the Subcontinent in the 16th Century
- Biography and Scholarly Contributions of Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi
- Revival of Islamic Ideology and Faith
- a. Opposition to Akbar’s Din-i-Ilahi
- b. Reassertion of Tawheed (Unity of God)
- c. Rejection of Bid‘ah and Promotion of Sunnah
- Role in Reinforcing Muslim Identity
- a. Clarification of Muslim-Hindu Distinction
- b. Spiritual Revival through the Naqshbandi Sufi Order
- c. Emphasis on Sharia over Syncretic Practices
- Political Impact and Influence on Mughal Policies
- Legacy and Influence on Later Muslim Reformers
- Critical Evaluation
- Conclusion
- Introduction
In the complex socio-political and religious environment of 16th–17th century Mughal India, Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi (1564–1624) emerged as a transformative figure who played a critical role in reviving Islamic thought, resisting religious syncretism, and reinforcing Muslim identity. Known as “Mujaddid Alf Thani” (Renewer of the Second Millennium), his influence shaped the ideological foundations of future Muslim revivalist and reformist movements, including that of Shah Waliullah and the Pakistan Movement centuries later.
- Historical Context: Religious Landscape of the Subcontinent in the 16th Century
- Under Mughal Emperor Akbar (r.1556–1605), efforts were made to create religious syncretism through policies like Sulh-i-Kul (universal peace) and the creation of Din-i-Ilahi, a new faith blending Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity.
- Ulema (religious scholars) lost their influence at court, and orthodox Islam was marginalized.
- Akbar discouraged the public display of Islamic rituals such as azan (call to prayer), Friday congregations, and Arabic calligraphy in court.
- Biography and Scholarly Contributions of Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi
- Born in Sirhind (Punjab) in 1564; educated in Islamic sciences, Quran, Hadith, Fiqh, and Tasawwuf
- Associated with the Naqshbandi Sufi Order, but critical of un-Islamic Sufi innovations
- His major work, “Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani”, is a collection of letters addressing rulers, scholars, and disciples, offering a blueprint for Islamic revival
- Revival of Islamic Ideology and Faith
- Opposition to Akbar’s Din-i-Ilahi
- Declared Din-i-Ilahi as heretical and un-Islamic innovation
- Publicly criticized the imperial policy of equating all religions
- Advocated for the supremacy of Islam and orthodox religious identity
- Reassertion of Tawheed (Unity of God)
- Refuted pantheistic philosophies (Wahdat-ul-Wujood) prevalent among some Sufis
- Emphasized Wahdat-ush-Shuhud (unity of perception) to maintain distinction between Creator and creation
- Rejection of Bid‘ah and Promotion of Sunnah
- Urged Muslims to return to the pure teachings of the Quran and Sunnah
- Opposed innovations like excessive shrine worship, music in Sufi gatherings, and astrologically-influenced practices
- Role in Reinforcing Muslim Identity
- Clarification of Muslim-Hindu Distinction
- Argued that coexistence must not blur religious boundaries
- Emphasized that Islam is complete, final, and superior, and should not be diluted by foreign elements
- Spiritual Revival through the Naqshbandi Order
- Combined spiritual reform with legal orthodoxy
- Advocated Sufi discipline without compromising Sharia compliance
- Inspired an intellectual renaissance in Indian Islam
- Emphasis on Sharia over Syncretic Practices
- Revived the importance of Islamic law (Sharia) as the core of Muslim life
- Promoted ijtihad (independent reasoning) and discouraged blind taqlid (following without reasoning)
- Political Impact and Influence on Mughal Policies
- Although not a political leader, his influence reached Emperor Jahangir, Akbar’s successor
- Arrested by Jahangir but later released and honored
- Over time, his ideas began to reshape Mughal court policies:
- Revival of Friday prayers and azan
- Restoration of Sharia courts
- Reassertion of Islamic identity in public governance
- Legacy and Influence on Later Muslim Reformers
Thinker | Influence from Sirhindi |
Shah Waliullah | Adopted synthesis of Tasawwuf and Sharia |
Syed Ahmed Barelvi | Inspired jihad for revival of Islamic state |
Allama Iqbal | Praised Sirhindi’s revivalist zeal in reconstructing Islamic thought |
Jinnah and Two-Nation Theory | Echoes of Muslim identity preservation traced back to Sirhindi |
Sirhindi laid the theoretical foundations for the Two-Nation Theory by emphasizing the distinct spiritual and cultural identity of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent.
- Critical Evaluation
While some scholars criticize his intolerance toward non-Muslims and hardline stance against syncretism, Sirhindi’s work must be viewed in the context of preserving a community’s identity under political marginalization. He was not merely a religious scholar but a thought-leader who shaped the spiritual and intellectual course of Indian Islam.
- Conclusion
Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi played a pivotal role in reviving Islamic ideology during a time of spiritual dilution and political syncretism. By reinforcing orthodoxy, religious identity, and spiritual reform, he preserved the ideological basis for a distinct Muslim community in the subcontinent. His legacy lives on in the political thought and religious revivalism that influenced generations, culminating in the ideological struggle for Pakistan centuries later.
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Q. No. 4: The democratization process in Pakistan is still weak and ambiguous. Do you consider dynastic politics and feudalism as the major hindrances on the way of establishing true democratic system in Pakistan? Explain.
Outline:
- Introduction
- Understanding Democracy and Democratization
- Current State of Democracy in Pakistan
- Roots and Persistence of Dynastic Politics
- Structure and Influence of Feudalism
- How Dynastic Politics and Feudalism Undermine Democratization
- a. Suppression of Political Meritocracy
- b. Electoral Manipulation and Patronage
- c. Voter Intimidation and Rural Control
- d. Resistance to Institutional Reform
- Other Factors Weakening Democracy
- a. Military Interventions
- b. Weak Political Institutions
- c. Judicial Politicization
- Comparative Analysis: Democracies Without Dynastic Feudalism
- Recommendations for Strengthening Democratic Development
- Conclusion
- Introduction
The democratization process in Pakistan has remained incomplete, inconsistent, and vulnerable to regression. Despite being a constitutional republic, elite domination, dynastic leadership, and entrenched feudalism have hampered the evolution of a participatory and representative democratic culture. This essay explores the extent to which dynastic politics and feudal structures serve as major obstacles to genuine democracy in Pakistan.
- Understanding Democracy and Democratization
- Democracy is a political system based on representative governance, rule of law, and public accountability.
- Democratization refers to the transition from authoritarianism to democratic governance, involving free elections, institutional checks, and inclusive participation.
In Pakistan, democracy has functioned within a “hybrid regime”—a blend of electoral process and authoritarian influence, shaped by civil-military tensions and elite capture.
- Current State of Democracy in Pakistan
- Regular elections are held, but electoral integrity, institutional independence, and civilian supremacy remain contested.
- Freedom House (2024) classifies Pakistan as “Partly Free” with concerns about media suppression, judicial interference, and political victimization.
- Political power remains concentrated in the hands of a few dynastic families and landed elites.
- Roots and Persistence of Dynastic Politics
- Pakistan Muslim League (PML), Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) have evolved into personality-driven and family-run entities.
- Leadership passes through bloodlines rather than internal elections (e.g., Bhuttos, Sharifs, Tareens).
- Political capital is inherited, not earned through public service or ideology.
- Structure and Influence of Feudalism
- A colonial legacy, feudalism persists in rural Pakistan where large landlords control land, labor, and votes.
- In Sindh, Punjab, and parts of Balochistan, electoral influence is exercised through coercion, patronage, and dependency.
- Feudals also dominate provincial assemblies and local governance, suppressing grassroots leadership.
- How Dynastic Politics and Feudalism Undermine Democratization
- Suppression of Political Meritocracy
- Youth and middle-class candidates face barriers to entry
- Political parties lack internal democracy, discouraging ideological development
- Electoral Manipulation and Patronage
- Voters are bribed or coerced through job promises, cash handouts, and welfare networks
- Feudal lords influence entire constituencies, turning elections into rituals of confirmation
- Voter Intimidation and Rural Control
- Illiteracy and economic dependence make rural voters vulnerable to manipulation
- Women and marginalized communities are often barred from voting
- Resistance to Institutional Reform
- Landowners and dynasts resist electoral reforms, tax documentation, and local government empowerment
- They maintain control by sabotaging reforms that could democratize access to resources
- Other Factors Weakening Democracy
Factor
Impact
Military Interventions
Frequent derailment of democratic evolution
Weak Parliament
Rubber-stamp legislation and lack of debate
Media Censorship
Limits public discourse and civic education
Judicial Politicization
Undermines rule of law and due process
- Comparative Analysis: Democracies Without Dynastic Feudalism
- Scandinavian countries exhibit strong local governance, party-based politics, and minimal family rule
- India—while sharing some dynastic elements—has diversified political leadership through regional parties, education, and grassroots mobilization
- Recommendations for Strengthening Democratic Development
- Electoral reforms: Implement intra-party elections, ban on family succession without merit
- Land reforms: Enforce land ceiling laws, redistribute unused state lands
- Local government empowerment: Transfer fiscal and administrative powers to grassroots bodies
- Civic education: Promote voter awareness and legal literacy
- Media freedom: Enable democratic discourse and expose dynastic manipulation
- Conclusion
Dynastic politics and feudalism remain deep-rooted structural impediments to Pakistan’s democratic progress. While elections are held, true democratization requires dismantling power monopolies, fostering meritocracy, and empowering the citizenry. Pakistan’s journey to democracy will remain fragile and incomplete until it reforms the political culture that rewards inheritance over competence and patronage over participation.
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Q. No. 5: Global warming presents an existential threat to states like Pakistan. Examine the far-reaching impacts of global warming on Pakistan and propose a model of economic development that aligns with environmental protection.
Outline:
- Introduction
- Understanding Global Warming and Its Relevance to Pakistan
- Climate Vulnerability Profile of Pakistan
- Impacts of Global Warming on Pakistan
- a. Glacier Melt and Water Scarcity
- b. Floods, Droughts, and Extreme Weather Events
- c. Agricultural Disruption and Food Insecurity
- d. Health Impacts and Urban Vulnerability
- e. Economic Losses and Displacement
- The 2022 Floods: A Case Study
- Climate Governance and Policy Response in Pakistan
- Green Economic Development Model
- a. Renewable Energy Transition
- b. Climate-Smart Agriculture
- c. Urban Planning and Sustainable Transport
- d. Green Jobs and Eco-Tourism
- e. Circular Economy and Plastic Reduction
- Role of International Cooperation and Climate Justice
- Recommendations for Implementation
- Conclusion
- Introduction
Global warming is no longer a distant environmental issue; it is a present and accelerating crisis, especially for countries like Pakistan, which are among the least polluting yet most vulnerable. As UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated during his 2022 visit to Pakistan:
“Pakistan is a victim of climate change but not a contributor.”
Pakistan must now redefine its development paradigm to not only survive the threats of climate change but to thrive through sustainability.
- Understanding Global Warming and Its Relevance to Pakistan
- Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth’s average temperature, primarily due to greenhouse gas emissions.
- Pakistan emits less than 1% of global carbon emissions, yet it ranks 8th on the Global Climate Risk Index (2021).
- Due to its geographic location, dependence on glacial water, and agriculture-based economy, Pakistan is especially exposed to climate-induced disasters.
- Climate Vulnerability Profile of Pakistan
- 35 out of 40 most polluted cities in the world are in South Asia
- 220 million+ people face extreme climate risks
- Urban air pollution, rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and monsoon shifts threaten national security
- According to NDMA, climate disasters cause an annual economic loss of ~3–4% of GDP
- Impacts of Global Warming on Pakistan
- Glacier Melt and Water Scarcity
- Pakistan’s rivers are 90% dependent on glacial melt from the Himalayas and Karakoram ranges
- Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are increasing in Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral
- Water stress projected to reach “absolute scarcity” level by 2025
- Floods, Droughts, and Extreme Weather Events
- Increase in frequency and intensity of monsoons and heatwaves
- 2022 floods displaced over 33 million people
- Droughts in Sindh and Balochistan have intensified
- Agricultural Disruption and Food Insecurity
- Crop yields (wheat, rice, cotton) have fallen due to changing precipitation
- Shifts in growing seasons and pests threaten food security
- Rural livelihoods deteriorate, leading to urban migration
- Health Impacts and Urban Vulnerability
- Spread of diseases like malaria, dengue, and heatstroke
- Heatwaves in Karachi (2015) caused 1,200+ deaths
- Overburdened urban infrastructure collapses under climate stress
- Economic Losses and Displacement
- 2022 floods alone caused $30+ billion in damage (World Bank)
- Infrastructure, housing, and trade disrupted
- Climate refugees increase pressure on cities
- The 2022 Floods: A Case Study
Indicator
Impact
People Affected
33 million+
Deaths
Over 1,700
Livestock Lost
1 million+
Crops Damaged
8.3 million acres
Infrastructure
13,000 km roads, 400 bridges
Economic Loss
$30+ billion
The 2022 floods highlighted the existential nature of climate change for Pakistan. UN agencies called it “a climate-induced humanitarian catastrophe.”
- Climate Governance and Policy Response in Pakistan
- National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) revised in 2021
- Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Project launched
- Clean Green Pakistan Index encourages city-based sustainability
- However, implementation remains weak due to lack of coordination, funding, and political continuity
- Green Economic Development Model
As Greta Thunberg said:
“We cannot solve a crisis without treating it as a crisis.”
Pakistan needs a climate-resilient economy based on environmental justice and sustainable development:
- Renewable Energy Transition
- Shift from fossil fuels to solar, wind, and hydropower
- Invest in off-grid solutions for rural areas
- Public-private partnerships for clean energy
- Climate-Smart Agriculture
- Use of drought-resistant seeds, drip irrigation, and agroforestry
- Crop insurance schemes for vulnerable farmers
- Digitization of weather alerts and advisory services
- Urban Planning and Sustainable Transport
- Promote green public transport, reduce traffic emissions
- Build climate-resilient urban infrastructure
- Integrate green belts, flood canals, and rainwater harvesting
- Green Jobs and Eco-Tourism
- Train youth in eco-friendly skills and green construction
- Promote eco-tourism in KP, GB, and Balochistan
- Provide microfinance to green startups
- Circular Economy and Plastic Reduction
- Ban single-use plastics
- Develop recycling industries and waste-to-energy plants
- Incentivize sustainable packaging and local production
- Role of International Cooperation and Climate Justice
- Pakistan must advocate for climate reparations and loss & damage funds
- Utilize platforms like COP summits, G77, and OIC climate forums
- Strengthen partnerships with World Bank, UNEP, and Green Climate Fund
- Recommendations for Implementation
- Declare climate emergency as a national priority
- Revise curriculum to include climate education at all levels
- Create a Climate Resilience Fund through carbon taxes and donor contributions
- Strengthen NDMA and local disaster management authorities
- Integrate climate planning in CPEC Phase-II and national development programs
- Conclusion
Climate change is not just an environmental concern for Pakistan—it is a development, security, and survival challenge. The need for a climate-resilient, green economic model is urgent and non-negotiable. Only through bold reforms, green innovation, and international cooperation can Pakistan turn crisis into opportunity and secure a sustainable future for its people.
Q. No. 6: How should Pakistan manage the equitable distribution of resources among different ethnic regions to address historical grievances and promote development across the country?
Outline:
- Introduction
- Understanding Resource Distribution and Ethnic Diversity in Pakistan
- Historical Context of Regional Grievances
- Challenges in Equitable Resource Distribution
- a. Centralization of Power
- b. Unequal Development and Infrastructure
- c. Ethnic and Linguistic Marginalization
- d. Inequitable NFC Awards and Revenue Allocation
- Impact of Imbalanced Resource Sharing
- Constitutional Mechanisms for Equity
- a. 1973 Constitution and Federal Structure
- b. National Finance Commission (NFC)
- c. 18th Amendment and Provincial Autonomy
- Strategies for Equitable Resource Distribution
- a. Revising and Regularizing NFC Awards
- b. Strengthening Local Government Systems
- c. Participatory Development and Transparency
- d. Inter-Provincial Coordination and Federalism
- e. Addressing Grievances in Balochistan, GB, and South Punjab
- Case Studies and Comparative Lessons
- Conclusion
- Introduction
Equitable distribution of resources is not merely an economic issue but a foundation for national unity, stability, and integration. Pakistan, home to diverse ethnic, linguistic, and regional communities, has struggled with resource imbalances, particularly between the center and the provinces. Redressing historical injustices and sharing resources fairly is crucial to address ethnic grievances and promote inclusive development.
“Justice delayed is democracy denied.” — Senator Raza Rabbani
- Understanding Resource Distribution and Ethnic Diversity in Pakistan
Pakistan consists of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Jammu & Kashmir, each with unique ethnic identities. Disparities in federal allocations, development funding, and administrative focus have fueled perceptions of exploitation, especially in Balochistan and South Punjab.
- Historical Context of Regional Grievances
- East Pakistan’s separation in 1971 was partly due to economic and political centralization
- Post-independence, resource-rich but underdeveloped regions like Balochistan saw limited federal investment
- Sindh has long demanded greater control over natural resources (gas, ports)
- Challenges in Equitable Resource Distribution
- Centralization of Power
- Until the 18th Amendment (2010), most fiscal powers were centralized
- Provinces depended on the federal government for development funding
- Unequal Development and Infrastructure
- Punjab received disproportionate funding due to population and political dominance
- Balochistan, GB, and southern KP lag behind in health, education, and infrastructure
- Ethnic and Linguistic Marginalization
- Urdu’s imposition led to cultural suppression
- Ethnic groups demand greater political representation and economic autonomy
- Inequitable NFC Awards and Revenue Allocation
- NFC Awards not updated since 2010
- Vertical and horizontal resource-sharing formulas often ignore development indicators
- Impact of Imbalanced Resource Sharing
- Alienation and resentment in smaller provinces
- Rise of ethno-nationalist movements
- Lack of trust in federal institutions
- Underutilization of national human capital
- Constitutional Mechanisms for Equity
- 1973 Constitution
- Declares Pakistan a federation of autonomous provinces
- Grants equal rights regardless of ethnicity or region
- National Finance Commission (NFC)
- Mandated to revise federal-provincial resource sharing every 5 years
- 7th NFC (2009) included poverty, backwardness, and population in criteria
- 18th Amendment (2010)
- Shifted 17 ministries from federal to provincial control
- Empowered provinces in health, education, and resource development
- Strategies for Equitable Resource Distribution
- Revising and Regularizing NFC Awards
- NFC should be updated regularly to reflect current demographics and needs
- Consider factors like poverty, area size, and resource contribution
- Strengthening Local Government Systems
- Constitutionally mandated Article 140-A empowers districts
- Local development ensures efficient and inclusive service delivery
- Participatory Development and Transparency
- Communities should be part of budgeting and development planning
- Independent monitoring of federal and provincial spending
- Inter-Provincial Coordination and Federalism
- Revitalize Council of Common Interests (CCI) for dispute resolution
- Promote national integration through interprovincial cultural exchanges
- Addressing Grievances in Specific Regions
- Balochistan: share of gas royalties, scholarships, job quotas
- Gilgit-Baltistan: grant constitutional status and NFC inclusion
- South Punjab: administrative autonomy and targeted development
- Case Studies and Comparative Lessons
- India’s Finance Commission considers climate and income equality
- Canada balances federalism through equalization payments and strong provinces
- Conclusion
An equitable resource distribution system is the bedrock of federalism and democracy. Pakistan must transition from population-based funding to need-based inclusive development, empowering provinces and districts through constitutional means and political will. Without resolving ethnic grievances through fair resource sharing, Pakistan risks repeating the mistakes of the past.
“Only by distributing resources fairly can we unite a diverse nation under one flag.” — Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
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Q. No. 7: In modern day democracy there must be a Pragmatic Civil-Military relationship to deal with all the internal and external security threats. Analyze with reference to the role of Pakistan’s security and stability in South Asia.
Outline:
- Introduction
- Understanding Civil-Military Relations in a Democracy
- Historical Background of Civil-Military Dynamics in Pakistan
- Internal and External Security Challenges in Pakistan
- Consequences of Civil-Military Imbalance
- Need for Pragmatic Civil-Military Coordination
- Comparative Models from Democratic States
- Framework for Balanced Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan
- Implications for Regional Security and South Asia
- Recommendations
- Conclusion
- Introduction
In democratic systems, civil-military relations must be structured to ensure that elected civilian leaders set policy while the military executes it professionally. Pakistan’s history, however, reflects a dominant military establishment and a subordinate civilian setup, leading to recurring tensions, weakened democracy, and inconsistent policy-making. To address complex security threats, Pakistan must evolve a pragmatic, balanced civil-military relationship that ensures national coherence and contributes to regional peace.
“A state that cannot separate its soldiers from its rulers risks undermining both.” — Stephen Cohen
- Understanding Civil-Military Relations in a Democracy
Civil-military relations refer to the interaction between political institutions and military establishments in shaping national security and governance. In democracies:
- Civilian supremacy is paramount
- The military remains accountable to elected representatives
- Defense and foreign policies are coordinated but led by civilian vision
- Historical Background of Civil-Military Dynamics in Pakistan
- Pakistan has experienced four direct military regimes (Ayub, Yahya, Zia, Musharraf)
- Military has dominated key areas: foreign policy, internal security, and media control
- Civil institutions have remained underdeveloped, politicized, and dependent
Era
Civil-Military Balance
1958–1971
Military rule (Ayub, Yahya)
1973–1977
Civilian (Bhutto) with military tensions
1977–1988
Military rule (Zia-ul-Haq)
1988–1999
Hybrid rule (Nawaz, Benazir with indirect interference)
1999–2008
Military rule (Musharraf)
2008–present
Civilian façade with military influence
- Internal and External Security Challenges in Pakistan
Internal:
- Terrorism and insurgency (TTP, BLA)
- Ethno-nationalism and sectarianism
- Cybersecurity and media manipulation
- Political instability and governance gaps
External:
- India’s aggressive posturing (Pulwama, Balakot)
- Afghan spillover and border tensions
- China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) security
- FATF-related diplomatic isolation
Effective response requires inter-agency coordination that respects civilian policy leadership.
- Consequences of Civil-Military Imbalance
- Weakening of civilian institutions
- Policy inconsistency due to abrupt leadership changes
- Militarization of foreign policy, especially toward India and Afghanistan
- Global perception of authoritarianism and lack of transparency
- Marginalization of parliament and judiciary
“The greatest threat to democracy is when its guardian becomes its master.” — Asma Jahangir
- Need for Pragmatic Civil-Military Coordination
A pragmatic relationship entails:
- Respect for constitutional roles
- Policy-making led by civilians, with expert military input
- Joint threat assessment through National Security Council or Cabinet Committee on National Security (CCNS)
- Military disengagement from political manipulation
- Comparative Models from Democratic States
Country
Model
Features
USA
Civilian control
Pentagon reports to elected Secretary of Defense
India
Civilian supremacy
Army Chief under political command of PM and Defense Minister
Turkey
Post-2000 reforms
Military placed under parliamentary oversight
Pakistan can draw lessons from these to institutionalize civilian-military coordination.
- Framework for Balanced Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan
- National Security Policy (NSP): Must be driven by civilian experts with military advice
- Strengthen Parliament: Committees on defense, intelligence, and foreign affairs must oversee agencies
- Empower NACTA and Interior Ministry: Reduce ISI and MI overreach in civilian affairs
- Military Professionalism: Focus on defense and counterterrorism, not political engineering
- Implications for Regional Security and South Asia
- Improved civil-military harmony will lead to consistent peace overtures to India
- Promotes stability in Afghanistan through policy continuity
- Enhances Pakistan’s global image as a responsible democracy
- Facilitates economic diplomacy and trust-building in SAARC and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
- Recommendations
- Enforce Article 243–245 of the Constitution, clearly defining military’s role
- Reform National Defence University (NDU) curriculum to include civilian oversight principles
- Implement a robust whistleblower law to check intelligence excesses
- Promote civil-military dialogues in media and academia
- Depoliticize armed forces recruitment and posting
- Conclusion
Pakistan’s future stability and democratic evolution depend on redefining civil-military relations in line with constitutional norms and modern democratic standards. Only a pragmatic balance, where the military is respected but not dominant, can enable Pakistan to meet its internal and external challenges, while enhancing regional peace in South Asia.
“Strong armies defend nations, but only strong institutions build them.” — General Douglas MacArthur (adapted)
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Q. No. 8: Since Independence, the most critical concern for internal security is National Integration. Discuss the role of constitutional provisions enabling provincial autonomy and devolution of power to strengthen national integration in Pakistan.
Outline:
- Introduction
- Concept of National Integration and Its Importance for Pakistan
- Challenges to National Integration in Pakistan’s History
- Role of Constitutional Provisions in Addressing Integration
- Provincial Autonomy as a Tool for National Cohesion
- The 18th Amendment: A Turning Point
- Local Government and Devolution of Power
- Shortcomings and Gaps in Implementation
- Recommendations to Strengthen Integration through Constitutional Means
- Conclusion
- Introduction
Since its inception, Pakistan has faced significant internal challenges in forging a unified national identity amid ethnic, linguistic, and provincial diversity. National integration has often been undermined by centralization, unequal development, and ethnic grievances. The Constitution of Pakistan provides a framework for unity in diversity, particularly through provincial autonomy and devolution of power—tools essential to fostering inclusive governance and internal security.
“Unity in diversity is the foundation of federalism.” — Dr. Safdar Mahmood
- Concept of National Integration and Its Importance for Pakistan
National integration refers to the harmonization of diverse communities into a unified nation-state, based on shared political, economic, and social aspirations. For Pakistan, a country formed on ideological grounds but comprising multiple ethnicities and regions, integration is crucial for:
- Political stability
- Economic development
- Internal peace and national identity
- Challenges to National Integration in Pakistan’s History
- East Pakistan’s separation (1971) highlighted the failure of inclusive governance
- Ethnic grievances in Balochistan, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Over-centralization under military regimes
- Suppression of regional languages and cultures
- Delayed implementation of federal principles
- Role of Constitutional Provisions in Addressing Integration
The Constitution of 1973, a consensus document, provides several mechanisms to promote unity through:
- Federal Structure (Articles 1–7)
Recognizes Pakistan as a federation comprising four provinces and territories
- Distribution of Powers (Articles 142–143)
Divides subjects between federal and provincial lists, ensuring decentralization
- Council of Common Interests (CCI) – Article 153
Resolves center-province disputes on shared subjects (e.g., water, energy)
- National Finance Commission (Article 160)
Equitable revenue distribution among provinces
- Provincial Autonomy as a Tool for National Cohesion
- Addressing Regional Grievances
- Greater autonomy builds trust in Balochistan and Sindh
- Allows provinces to control local resources and development priorities
- Protecting Linguistic and Cultural Identity
- Article 251 allows provinces to promote regional languages
- Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, and Punjabi literature have grown under provincial patronage
- The 18th Amendment: A Turning Point
Passed in 2010, the 18th Constitutional Amendment was a landmark reform:
Key Reform
Impact
Abolition of Concurrent List
Shifted 17 subjects (e.g., health, education) to provinces
Strengthening of CCI
Institutionalized coordination
Empowerment of Provinces
Reduced federal overreach
Fiscal Autonomy
Enhanced provincial share in NFC to 57.5%
It reinforced provincial identity without compromising national unity, and restored the federal spirit of the 1973 Constitution.
“The 18th Amendment is the second independence of Pakistan.” — Senator Raza Rabbani
- Local Government and Devolution of Power
- Article 140-A (2001)
Mandates that each province must establish elected local governments, with:
- Political, administrative, and fiscal authority
- Direct citizen participation in governance
- Efficient service delivery at grassroots level
- Benefits of Devolution
- Enhances citizen ownership of state
- Reduces ethnic and regional alienation
- Facilitates bottom-up national integration
- Shortcomings and Gaps in Implementation
- Provincial resistance to local governments (no LG elections held regularly)
- Weak institutional capacity to manage devolved subjects
- Lack of inter-provincial collaboration (e.g., on water disputes, education standards)
- Political manipulation of CCI and NFC proceedings
- Recommendations to Strengthen Integration through Constitutional Means
- Ensure periodic NFC awards based on updated indicators (poverty, backwardness)
- Strengthen CCI with fixed timelines and dispute resolution mechanisms
- Empower local governments through constitutional protection
- Revise educational curricula to include inclusive national narratives
- Promote interprovincial youth and cultural exchange programs
- Conclusion
National integration is a journey, not a destination—especially in a diverse country like Pakistan. The Constitution, through federalism, autonomy, and devolution, provides the tools to address historical grievances and regional disparities. What is required now is the political will and institutional commitment to implement these provisions effectively. Only then can Pakistan achieve its vision of a cohesive, inclusive, and peaceful federation.
“A federation survives not by uniformity, but by unity in diversity.” — Khurshid Ahmad
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